The expansive challenges, issues and opportunities depicted by shifting climatic spheres as they exert hazardous consequences on humanity due to their emergence. Globally, climate change pertains to the long-run invariant alterations of temperature trajectories and weather presentations from seasonal averages. Climate change exerts an expansive impact on global technology due to a warmer climate culminating in arduous morbidity and mortality from risks, such as extreme hydrologic events, heat, diarrhoea, malaria, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases as demonstrated on the clinicopathologic and healthcare spectra. The intricately complex challenge of the climate and hydrologic ambient is how to configure or elucidate the characterisation of the modifications in climate and hydrology, the presenting untoward metamorphoses in configuring extreme instances as the resultant effect of natural and anthropogenic activities. Multiple events have exacerbated research in the spatiotemporal variations of generalized extreme precipitation and temperature. In essence, extreme hydrological events, EHEs, which include droughts and floods, face spatiotemporal variabilities, with gross intensity and enhancement of extreme drought and precipitation. These are not mere weather events but result in extremes as established in declined agricultural produce, infrastructural attenuation, unified natural and anthropogenic disruptions, and unintended consequences. It is projected that intensification of the hydrological cycle may result from global warming because global warming rapidly escalates processes of the hydrologic cycle resulting in intense droughts and wet periods which affect health and sustainability of societies. The recurrence and severity of hydrologic extremes have augmented due to nature and human interference. These have continuously compromised critical natural events. Emerging from climate change, flash floods have heightened, with projections to augment in the future. This review provides current drivers and typologies of extremes in disparate geopolitical arenas with highlights, challenges, constraints, issues and opportunities in inter alia predicting and forecasting hydrological extremes spatiotemporally.

Keywords: global warming, morbidity, mortality, cardiopulmonary diseases, food and agriculture, frequency analysis, rivers and floods, precipitation, adaptation, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases.