What Language Learning Apps Can Learn from Linguistics Theories

Abstract

Language learning apps like Duolingo have become a popular way for people to study new languages. However, research shows that while these apps are good at helping users build vocabulary and basic grammar, the learners often struggle to develop fluency, cultural understanding, and real-time communication skills. This study applies linguistics and cognitive theories, such as Skinner’s behavioral model, Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, and Field’s  and Hulstijn’s  psycholinguistic perspectives to assess Duolingo’s learning structure and outcomes. The findings show that Duolingo focuses heavily on repetition, rewards, and habit formation, but offers limited opportunities for real conversations or complex thinking in the target language. Based on these theories, the study suggests that language apps could be improved by including more authentic language input, opportunities for social interaction, and activities that strengthen both working memory and long-term language skills. Overall, while apps like Duolingo are useful tools for beginners, deeper cognitive and social engagement is needed to help learners achieve real-world language proficiency.